لکڑی کی معلومات ساتھ ساتھ
انواع کا موازنہ
دو یا تین لکڑی کی انواع کا شناخت، تقسیم، ظاہری شکل، جسمانی و میکانی خصوصیات، کاریگری، پائیداری، استعمال اور ذرائع کی گہرائی کے لحاظ سے موازنہ کریں۔
ڈیٹا پڑھیں — مختصر اسکور نہیں
جب معتبر ذرائع مختلف ہوں تو رپورٹ شدہ قدریں نظر آتی رہتی ہیں۔ موازنہ مصنوعی اوسط نہیں بناتا۔
ضرورت کے وقت موازنے کو افقی طور پر سوائپ کریں۔ پڑھنے میں آسانی کے لیے متن کا سائز برقرار ہے۔
موازنہ فیلڈ
Honduras mahogany
Swietenia macrophylla نوع کا ریکارڈ کھولیں ←| عام نام | Common European silver fir | Honduras mahogany |
| سائنسی نام | Abies alba | Swietenia macrophylla |
| نباتاتی خاندان | Pinaceae | Meliaceae |
| خطہ | ابھی درج نہیں | Central America; Latin America; Oceania; South-East Asia |
| مترادفات | Abies pectinata تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • Swietenia krukovii; Swietenia tessmannii; Swietenia candollei • Swietenia krukovii, Swietenia tessmannii, Swietenia candollei تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| عام نام | Common European silver fir, Common fir, Common silver fir, European silver fir, European silver pine, Silver fir, Silvergrain, Swiss pine, White deal, Whitewood, Whitewood fir تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | Acajou; Acajou Amerique; Acajou d’Amerique; Acajou du Honduras; Aguano; American mahogany; Brazilian mahogany; Big-leafed mahogany; Broad-leaved mahogany; Caoba; Caoba Americana; Caoba de Honduras; Central American mahogany; Costa Rica mahogany; Cuban mahogany; Honduras mahogany; Mexican mahogany; Peruvian mahogany; Red cedar; Tabasco mahogany; Venezuela mahogany; Zopilote تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| تجارتی نام | ابھی درج نہیں | Honduras mahogany تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| پلانٹیشن نوع | ابھی درج نہیں | ہاں تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| Environmental Profile | ابھی درج نہیں | Widespread Some long-term concern for the species Secure within many parts of its natural range, but not completely assessed Rare in parts of its natural range Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare within parts of its range Endangered within parts of its natural boundaries Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Data source is Nature Conservancy Considered vulnerable in its natural habitat because its numbers are threatened by serious adverse factors throughout its range. However, the species likely exists today in relatively large numbers. There is some long-term concern about its continued abundance in these areas and the threat to its population in other areas While it is relatively secure in El Salvador and Honduras, the status of Honduras mahogany in Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama, and Bolivia is known to be either Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare. The species is Vulnerable in Nicaragua, Rare in Colombia and Endangered within its natural boundaries in Guatemala and the following regions in Brazil: Acre, Amazonas, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Para, and Rondonia |
| تقسیم کے علاقے | ابھی درج نہیں | Central America; Latin America; Oceania; South-East Asia تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| تقسیم کے ممالک | ابھی درج نہیں | Bahamas; Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Fiji; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Indonesia; Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Peru; Philippines; Puerto Rico; Solomon Islands; Venezuela تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| تقسیم کا خلاصہ | ابھی درج نہیں | • Perhaps the most valuable timber tree in tropical Latin America. Native distribution extends from Veracruz to Yucatan in Mexico, along the north Atlantic slope of Central America to Venezuela and Brazil, and also includes Colombia, Peru and Bolivia. It occurs at elevations up to about 1,500 m, in dry, moist and gallery forests. It is now widely planted throughout the tropics as a forest crop and supplies much of the commercial mahogany market. • Perhaps the most valuable timber tree in the whole of tropical Latin America, Honduras mahogany has an extensive tropical distribution, from the north of the State of Veracruz to Yucatan in Mexico, and along the north Atlantic slope of Central America to Venezuela and Brazil. It also occurs in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia at elevations of up to 4900 feet (1500 m), and on Cape Verde Islands. It is usually found in dry forests but it also occurs in moist and gallery forests. S. macrophylla is now widely planted throughout the whole of the tropics as a forest crop and currently provides almost all mahogany on the commercial market. تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| ہارٹ ووڈ کا رنگ | White Yellow Red Orange Pink Green/grey Brown Yellow to golden-yellow to orange White to cream Pale red to pink Pale brown Greenish to greyish تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • Reddish brown; yellow to golden-yellow or orange; pale brown; pale red to pink; brown; dark brown; red; yellow; white to cream; salmon pink to light pinkish brown; color darkens and may fade with sunlight; considerable variability • Red Brown Purple Reddish brown Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Pale brown Pale red to pink Brown Dark brown Red Dark brown Yellow White to cream Salmon pink to light pinkish brown, or reddish brown Pink Matures into deep reddish brown Exposure to sunlight may fade color Color varies considerably The wide variability in color has enabled many look-alike species to be marketed as mahogany. تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| سیپ ووڈ کا رنگ | White Yellow Red White to yellow Color not distinct from heartwood تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • White to yellow; well defined; pinkish; whitish; paler than heartwood; different from heartwood • Brown Red Pink White to yellow Well defined Pinkish Whitish Paler than heartwood Different than heartwood تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| Grain & texture | Straight Figure Growth rings (figure) Even Straight Clear growth rings (figure) تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | ابھی درج نہیں |
| بناوٹ | Fine Medium Fine Fine to medium تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | Fine to medium, often medium; sometimes medium to coarse; generally uniform تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| چمک | Low Slightly lustrous تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • Medium to pronounced; may be lustrous, slightly lustrous, high or golden • Medium High Pronounced Lustrous Slightly lustrous High Golden luster تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| ریشہ | ابھی درج نہیں | Usually straight to interlocked; may be wavy, striped, irregular, mottled, rippled or figured. Grain irregularities can produce fiddleback, blister, stripe, roe and mottle figure. تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| ٹینجینشل سکڑاؤ | 6 تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | 4 % تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| ریڈیئل سکڑاؤ | 2 تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | 2 % تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| وزن | • 32 • 26 • 512 • 416 تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | 33 lb/ft³ green; 32 lb/ft³ dry; metric table reports 528 and 512 kg/m³ تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| Density | ابھی درج نہیں | • 35 • 560 |
| Odor | ابھی درج نہیں | No specific smell or taste |
| Toxicity | ابھی درج نہیں | Some toxic effects Unspecified toxicity Dermatitic effects |
| حجمی سکڑاؤ | ابھی درج نہیں | 8 % تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| Strength Properties | Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Radial = very small Work to Maximum Load = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Max. crushing strength = medium Hardness (side grain) = very soft Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Toughness (total work) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft. تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Max. crushing strength = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Hardness (side grain) = medium Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Max. crushing strength = low Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Toughness (total work) = very low Work to Maximum Load = very low Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft. Strength properties vary because of wide differences in density Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very high Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Hardness (side grain) = very soft Density = high Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Compression strength (parallel to grain) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = high Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high Hardness (side grain) = soft Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
| کثافت — خشک | • 33 • 528 تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | 35 lb/ft³ تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| موڑنے کی طاقت | • 6111 • 9589 • 429 • 674 تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • 7,885 psi green; 11,575 psi dry • 7885 • 11575 • 554 • 813 تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| سختی | • 319 • 144 تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | 1,006 lb تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| اثر کی طاقت | • 22 • 55 تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • 29 in green; 21 in dry • 29 • 21 • 73 • 53 تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| زیادہ سے زیادہ کچلنے کی طاقت | • 3916 • 6397 • 275 • 449 تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | 3,979 psi green; 6,284 psi dry تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| شیئرنگ طاقت | • 1221 • 85 تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | 1,532 psi dry تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| سختی | • 1017 • 1199 • 71 • 84 تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | 1,185,000 psi green; 1,353,100 psi dry تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| ٹفنس | • 167 • 192 تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • 103 inch-lb • 103 • 118 تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| زیادہ سے زیادہ بوجھ تک کام | • 5 • 7 • 0.35 • 0.49 تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • 6 green; 7 inch-lb/in³ dry • 6 • 7 • 0.42 • 0.49 تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| مخصوص کشش ثقل | ابھی درج نہیں | 0.53 green; 0.57 dry تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| کچلنے کی طاقت | ابھی درج نہیں | • 905 psi green; 1,548 psi dry • 905 • 1548 • 63 • 108 تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| جامد موڑ | ابھی درج نہیں | • 4,901 psi green; 6,788 psi dry • 4901 • 6788 • 344 • 477 تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| Workability | Easy to Work Easy to machine تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | ابھی درج نہیں |
| گلو لگانا | Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to glue تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • Easy to glue; good gluing qualities reported • Easy to glue تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| استعمال کے دوران حرکت | Excellent Stability - Small Movement Small تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • Small movement; very stable. Holds its place well in use. • Small Stable Mahogany is considered to be one of the most stable commercially important timbers, and holds its place very well in use. تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| کیل لگانا | Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Pre-Boring Recommended Very Good to Excellent Results Holds nails well Easy to nail Possible if prebored تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • Holds nails well; pre-boring may be recommended; generally good nailing properties • Pre-Boring Recommended Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Holds nails well Possible if prebored Good nailing properties Easy to nail تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| پلیننگ | Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to plane تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • Usually easy to plane and gives a good to satisfactory finish; figured material may tear or chip • Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Easy to plane Planes well, to a good finish Planes to a satisfactory finish Figured material may cause grain to chip and tear تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| امپریگنیشن کی مزاحمت | Permeable sapwood Resistant heartwood Permeable heartwood Resistant sapwood Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is moderately resistant Heartwood is permeable تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • Heartwood generally resistant to highly resistant; sapwood ranges from resistant to permeable • Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is highly resistant Heartwood is resistant Sapwood is resistant Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is permeable تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| اسکرو لگانا | Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to screw تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • Generally satisfactory to excellent; easy to screw with good holding properties • Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Satisfactory results Easy to screw Screwing yields good results Good screwing properties تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| دھار کند کرنے کا اثر | ابھی درج نہیں | • Usually slight to moderate; some reports describe moderate to high or severe blunting. • Moderate High to severe Blunting effect on machining is slight Slight Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is mild Blunting effect on machining is moderate تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| بورنگ | ابھی درج نہیں | • Ranges from easy with good results to fairly difficult or very difficult • Fairly difficult to very difficult Easy Good results تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| نقاشی | ابھی درج نہیں | • Generally good results, though some reports rate it fairly difficult to very difficult • Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Generally good results تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| کٹائی کی مزاحمت | ابھی درج نہیں | • Green and dry wood are often easy to saw, but some reports rate sawing fairly difficult to very difficult • Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Easy to saw تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| مورٹِسنگ | ابھی درج نہیں | • Often easy, but some sources rate it fairly difficult to very difficult • Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Easy to mortise Material tends to chip and tear Finishes poorly تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| مولڈنگ | ابھی درج نہیں | • Generally easy to mould with good finishing results; some sources report difficulty • Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Easy to mould Good finishing results تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| روٹنگ اور ریسیسنگ | ابھی درج نہیں | • Routing is generally easy and gives good results, though some reports indicate difficulty • Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Routing is easy Routing yields good results تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| سینڈنگ | ابھی درج نہیں | • Easy to sand; satisfactory to good sanding finish • Easy to sand Satisfactory sanding results Good sanding finish تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| ٹرننگ | ابھی درج نہیں | • Fairly easy to very easy with fair to excellent results; generally satisfactory finish • Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Easy to turn Good results Finish is generally satisfactory تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| وینیر کی خصوصیات | ابھی درج نہیں | • Easy to cut; suitable for slicing and peeling; slight to moderate drying degrade and possible buckles or splits; no steaming generally needed; good gluing qualities • Easy to cut There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Suitable for slicing Suitable for peeling No steaming needed during bolt preparation. Good gluing qualities تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| بھاپ سے موڑنا | ابھی درج نہیں | • Fair to good results; moderate response to preservative treatment • Fair to Good Results Moderate Fairly good response to preservative treatment تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| Kiln Schedules | UK=K US=T13C4S/T11D3S - UK=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7 Drying (speed) is fast تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | Drying (speed) is fast UK=F US=T6D4/T3D3 Fr=6 UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid Dry at a moderate speed T6 - D4 (4/4) US T3 - D3 (8/4) US Schedule F (4/4) United Kingdom Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid |
| خشک کرنے کی آسانی | Fairly Easy Rapidly Easy تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • Usually easy to fairly easy, though some sources rate it moderately difficult. Generally dries with little degrade. • Moderately Difficult to Difficult Fairly Easy Slowly Easy Dries easily with very little degrade تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| کِلْن خشک کرنے کی شرح | Naturally dries quickly تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • Naturally dries slowly. Some schedules are fairly rapid: approximately 11–17 days for boards under 32 mm and 31–51 days for boards over 63 mm; rapid schedules may be under 10 days for thin boards. • Naturally dries slowly Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| خشک کرنے کے نقائص | Distortion Loose Knots Splitting Checking Slight twist/warp Slight surface checking Slight end splitting No twisting or warping No surface checking Moderate twist/warp Expect slight degrade due to knots, splits, and loosening Expect moderate degrade due to knots, splits, and loosening تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • Moderate end splitting may occur. Generally free from spring and bow. Distortion, twist or warp may occur. • Collapse Internal Honeycombing Possible Distortion Checking Splitting Slight surface checking Slight twist/warp Moderate twist/warp No surface checking No end splitting Moderate surface checking Slight spring/bow Slight end splitting Slight cupping No twisting or warping No resin/gum exudation No cupping, generally No collapse/honeycomb Moderate end spitting Generally free from spring and bow Distortion (twist/warp) is likely تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| قدرتی پائیداری | Non-durable Perishable Non durable Resistant to attack from pinworms (ambrosia beetles) تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • Generally durable to very durable, but source reports vary. Heartwood may resist marine borers, termites and powder-post beetles, while other sources report susceptibility to marine borers, termites, pinworms or pinhole borers. Conflicting evidence must remain visible. • Resistant to marine borers Very durable Susceptible to insect attack Resistant to termites Durable Resistant to powder post beetles Perishable Non-resistant to marine borers Non-resistant to termites Non-durable Susceptible to marine borer attack Durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present Very durable Moderately durable Susceptible to pinhole borers Suitable for marine applications Non durable Heartwood susceptible to marine borer attack Heartwood resistant to attack by white rot and brown rot fungi Heartwood moderately resistant to dry-wood termites Heartwood has high resistance to decay Good weathering properties Mahogany has very good weathering qualities which makes a very good choice for boat building. تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| قدرتی نشوونما کے نقائص | ابھی درج نہیں | • Yellowish or whitish deposits may occur in vessels. Brittleheart is rare or absent; when present, it is sparse. • Yellowish deposits in vessels Whitish deposits in vessels Whitish deposits in vessels Brittleheart is rare or absent. When present, it is sparse in amount تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| Painting | Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Good results تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | ابھی درج نہیں |
| رنگ کرنا | Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Finish is generally good تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • Generally satisfactory to good; stains well • Finish is generally satisfactory Finish is generally good Stains well تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| وارنش کرنا | Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good results تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • Satisfactory to good results • Satisfactory Good results تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| پالش کرنا | ابھی درج نہیں | • Fair to excellent results; generally good • Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Good results تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| عام استعمالات | Boat building: masts, Boxes and crates, Carvings, Chemical derivatives, Flooring, Food containers, Fuelwood, Joinery, Ladders, Light construction, Mine timbers, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا | • Bedroom suites; boat building; decking; planking; boxes and crates; building materials; cabinetmaking; canoes; carvings; chairs; chests; coffins; cooperage; decorative veneer; desks; dining-room furniture; doors; dowels; drawer sides; drum sticks; figured veneer; fine furniture; flooring; furniture components; handles; hatracks; heavy construction; interior construction; interior trim; joinery; kitchen cabinets; lifeboats; light construction; living-room suites; mathematical instruments; millwork; model airplanes; moldings; musical instruments; office furniture; organ pipes; paneling; particleboard; piano keys; plywood; radio and television cabinets; scientific instruments; sculpture; shipbuilding; tables; turnery; veneer • Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: planking, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Coffins, Concealed parts (Furniture), Cooperages, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Drawing boards, Drum sticks, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles: general, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Mathematical instruments, Millwork, Model airplanes, Moldings, Musical instruments , Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Office furniture, Organ pipes, Paneling , Paneling, Particleboard, Piano keys, Pianos , Plywood corestock, Plywood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Scientific instruments, Sculpture, Shipbuilding, Tables, Turnery, Veneer, Veneer: decorative تاریخی ماخذ ڈیٹا |
| Product Sources | ابھی درج نہیں | The ITTO reports that the species is an important source of timber for export. It is exported in the form of square-edged timber, veneers, and plywood. Honduras mahogany is readily available at moderate prices at present, but its continued availability is of some concern because of high demand. Current supplies of the standing trees are also becoming more inaccessible and scarce due to exploitation. |
| منسلک خصوصیتی فیلڈز | 39 | 69 |
| نوع کی سطح کے حوالہ جات | 0 | 36 |
موازنے کا طریقہ: یہ صفحہ موجودہ منسلک ریکارڈز کا موازنہ کرتا ہے، کسی ایک معمولی عددی خلاصے کا نہیں۔ ایک ہی فیلڈ میں متعدد حوالہ شدہ تاریخی مشاہدات نظر آ سکتے ہیں کیونکہ لکڑی کی خصوصیات ماخذ، جغرافیہ، نمی، نمونے اور ٹیسٹ طریقے کے مطابق بدل سکتی ہیں۔ معلوم مخلوط یا متضاد ریکارڈز کو حتمی رہنمائی کے طور پر استعمال کرنے سے پہلے جانچنا چاہیے۔