Ulinganisho wa Taarifa za Mbao
Linganisha Spishi
Linganisha spishi mbili au tatu za mbao kwa utambulisho, usambazaji, mwonekano, sifa za kimwili na kiufundi, urahisi wa kufanyiwa kazi, uimara, matumizi na kina cha vyanzo.
Soma data — si alama iliyobanwa
Thamani zilizoripotiwa hubaki kuonekana pale vyanzo vinavyoaminika vinapotofautiana. Ulinganisho hautengenezi wastani bandia.
Telezesha mlalo kwenye ulinganisho inapohitajika. Ukubwa wa maandishi umehifadhiwa kwa urahisi wa kusoma.
Sehemu ya ulinganisho
Honduras mahogany
Swietenia macrophylla Fungua rekodi ya spishi →| Jina la kawaida | Common European silver fir | Honduras mahogany |
| Jina la kisayansi | Abies alba | Swietenia macrophylla |
| Familia ya botaniki | Pinaceae | Meliaceae |
| Eneo | Bado haijawekwa | Amerika ya Kati; Amerika ya Kusini na Kati; Oceania; Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki |
| Majina mbadala | Abies pectinata Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • Swietenia krukovii; Swietenia tessmannii; Swietenia candollei • Swietenia krukovii, Swietenia tessmannii, Swietenia candollei Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Majina ya kawaida | Common European silver fir, Common fir, Common silver fir, European silver fir, European silver pine, Silver fir, Silvergrain, Swiss pine, White deal, Whitewood, Whitewood fir Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | Acajou; Acajou Amerique; Acajou d’Amerique; Acajou du Honduras; Aguano; American mahogany; Brazilian mahogany; Big-leafed mahogany; Broad-leaved mahogany; Caoba; Caoba Americana; Caoba de Honduras; Central American mahogany; Costa Rica mahogany; Cuban mahogany; Honduras mahogany; Mexican mahogany; Peruvian mahogany; Red cedar; Tabasco mahogany; Venezuela mahogany; Zopilote Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Jina la biashara | Bado haijawekwa | Honduras mahogany Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Spishi ya shamba | Bado haijawekwa | Ndiyo Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Environmental Profile | Bado haijawekwa | Widespread Some long-term concern for the species Secure within many parts of its natural range, but not completely assessed Rare in parts of its natural range Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare within parts of its range Endangered within parts of its natural boundaries Data source is World Conservation Monitoring Center Data source is Nature Conservancy Considered vulnerable in its natural habitat because its numbers are threatened by serious adverse factors throughout its range. However, the species likely exists today in relatively large numbers. There is some long-term concern about its continued abundance in these areas and the threat to its population in other areas While it is relatively secure in El Salvador and Honduras, the status of Honduras mahogany in Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama, and Bolivia is known to be either Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare. The species is Vulnerable in Nicaragua, Rare in Colombia and Endangered within its natural boundaries in Guatemala and the following regions in Brazil: Acre, Amazonas, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Para, and Rondonia |
| Maeneo ya usambazaji | Bado haijawekwa | Amerika ya Kati; Amerika ya Kusini na Kati; Oceania; Asia ya Kusini-Mashariki Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Nchi za usambazaji | Bado haijawekwa | Bahamas; Belize; Bolivia; Brazil; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Dominican Republic; Ecuador; El Salvador; Fiji; Guyana; Haiti; Honduras; Indonesia; Jamaica; Mexico; Nicaragua; Panama; Peru; Philippines; Puerto Rico; Solomon Islands; Venezuela Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Muhtasari wa usambazaji | Bado haijawekwa | • Perhaps the most valuable timber tree in tropical Latin America. Native distribution extends from Veracruz to Yucatan in Mexico, along the north Atlantic slope of Central America to Venezuela and Brazil, and also includes Colombia, Peru and Bolivia. It occurs at elevations up to about 1,500 m, in dry, moist and gallery forests. It is now widely planted throughout the tropics as a forest crop and supplies much of the commercial mahogany market. • Perhaps the most valuable timber tree in the whole of tropical Latin America, Honduras mahogany has an extensive tropical distribution, from the north of the State of Veracruz to Yucatan in Mexico, and along the north Atlantic slope of Central America to Venezuela and Brazil. It also occurs in Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia at elevations of up to 4900 feet (1500 m), and on Cape Verde Islands. It is usually found in dry forests but it also occurs in moist and gallery forests. S. macrophylla is now widely planted throughout the whole of the tropics as a forest crop and currently provides almost all mahogany on the commercial market. Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Rangi ya mti wa ndani | White Yellow Red Orange Pink Green/grey Brown Yellow to golden-yellow to orange White to cream Pale red to pink Pale brown Greenish to greyish Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • Reddish brown; yellow to golden-yellow or orange; pale brown; pale red to pink; brown; dark brown; red; yellow; white to cream; salmon pink to light pinkish brown; color darkens and may fade with sunlight; considerable variability • Red Brown Purple Reddish brown Yellow to golden-yellow to orange Pale brown Pale red to pink Brown Dark brown Red Dark brown Yellow White to cream Salmon pink to light pinkish brown, or reddish brown Pink Matures into deep reddish brown Exposure to sunlight may fade color Color varies considerably The wide variability in color has enabled many look-alike species to be marketed as mahogany. Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Rangi ya sapwood | White Yellow Red White to yellow Color not distinct from heartwood Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • Nyeupe hadi njano; well defined; pinkish; whitish; paler than heartwood; different from heartwood • Brown Red Pink White to yellow Well defined Pinkish Whitish Paler than heartwood Different than heartwood Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Grain & texture | Straight Figure Growth rings (figure) Even Straight Clear growth rings (figure) Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | Bado haijawekwa |
| Muundo | Fine Medium Fine Fine to medium Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | Fine to medium, often medium; sometimes medium to coarse; generally uniform Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Mng’ao | Low Slightly lustrous Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • Medium to pronounced; may be lustrous, slightly lustrous, high or golden • Medium High Pronounced Lustrous Slightly lustrous High Golden luster Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Mwelekeo wa nyuzi | Bado haijawekwa | Usually straight to interlocked; may be wavy, striped, irregular, mottled, rippled or figured. Grain irregularities can produce fiddleback, blister, stripe, roe and mottle figure. Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kupungua kwa tangential | 6 Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | 4 % Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kupungua kwa radial | 2 Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | 2 % Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Uzito | • 32 • 26 • 512 • 416 Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | 33 lb/ft³ green; 32 lb/ft³ dry; metric table reports 528 and 512 kg/m³ Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Density | Bado haijawekwa | • 35 • 560 |
| Odor | Bado haijawekwa | No specific smell or taste |
| Toxicity | Bado haijawekwa | Some toxic effects Unspecified toxicity Dermatitic effects |
| Kupungua kwa ujazo | Bado haijawekwa | 8 % Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Strength Properties | Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Radial = very small Work to Maximum Load = very low Shrinkage, Tangential = small Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Max. crushing strength = medium Hardness (side grain) = very soft Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Bending strength (MOR) = low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = very low Toughness-Hammer drop (Impact Strength) = low Toughness (total work) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft. Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | Density (dry weight) = 31-37 lbs/cu. ft. Max. crushing strength = medium Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very low Bending strength (MOR) = low Shrinkage, Tangential = very small Hardness (side grain) = medium Shrinkage, Radial = small Shrinkage, Radial = very small Density (dry weight) = 38-45 lbs/cu. ft. Shrinkage, Tangential = small Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very low Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = medium Max. crushing strength = low Density (dry weight) = 46-52 lbs/cu. ft. Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = low Toughness (total work) = very low Work to Maximum Load = very low Density (dry weight) = 15-22 lbs/cu. ft. Strength properties vary because of wide differences in density Shrinkage, Tangential = moderate Shrinkage, Radial = moderate Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = very high Shearing strength (parallel to grain) = high Hardness (side grain) = very soft Density = high Density (dry weight) = 53-60 lbs/cu. ft. Density (dry weight) = 23-30 lbs/cu. ft. Compression strength (parallel to grain) = medium Bending strength (MOR) = high Modulus of Elasticity (stiffness) = very high Hardness (side grain) = soft Bending strength (MOR) = medium |
| Msongamano — kavu | • 33 • 528 Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | 35 lb/ft³ Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Nguvu ya kupinda | • 6111 • 9589 • 429 • 674 Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • 7,885 psi green; 11,575 psi dry • 7885 • 11575 • 554 • 813 Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Ugumu | • 319 • 144 Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | 1,006 lb Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Nguvu ya mshtuko | • 22 • 55 Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • 29 in green; 21 in dry • 29 • 21 • 73 • 53 Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Nguvu ya juu ya kusagwa | • 3916 • 6397 • 275 • 449 Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | 3,979 psi green; 6,284 psi dry Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Nguvu ya kukatwa | • 1221 • 85 Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | 1,532 psi dry Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Ugumu wa muundo | • 1017 • 1199 • 71 • 84 Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | 1,185,000 psi green; 1,353,100 psi dry Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Ustahimilivu | • 167 • 192 Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • 103 inch-lb • 103 • 118 Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kazi hadi mzigo wa juu | • 5 • 7 • 0.35 • 0.49 Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • 6 green; 7 inch-lb/in³ dry • 6 • 7 • 0.42 • 0.49 Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Uzito maalum | Bado haijawekwa | 0.53 green; 0.57 dry Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Nguvu ya kusagwa | Bado haijawekwa | • 905 psi green; 1,548 psi dry • 905 • 1548 • 63 • 108 Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kupinda tuli | Bado haijawekwa | • 4,901 psi green; 6,788 psi dry • 4901 • 6788 • 344 • 477 Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Workability | Easy to Work Easy to machine Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | Bado haijawekwa |
| Kuunganisha kwa gundi | Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to glue Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • Easy to glue; good gluing qualities reported • Easy to glue Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Mwendo wakati wa matumizi | Excellent Stability - Small Movement Small Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • Small movement; very stable. Holds its place well in use. • Small Stable Mahogany is considered to be one of the most stable commercially important timbers, and holds its place very well in use. Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kupigilia misumari | Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Pre-Boring Recommended Very Good to Excellent Results Holds nails well Easy to nail Possible if prebored Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • Holds nails well; pre-boring may be recommended; generally good nailing properties • Pre-Boring Recommended Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Holds nails well Possible if prebored Good nailing properties Easy to nail Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kupiga plane | Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to plane Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • Usually easy to plane and gives a good to satisfactory finish; figured material may tear or chip • Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Easy to plane Planes well, to a good finish Planes to a satisfactory finish Figured material may cause grain to chip and tear Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Upinzani wa kuingiza dawa | Permeable sapwood Resistant heartwood Permeable heartwood Resistant sapwood Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is moderately resistant Heartwood is permeable Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • Heartwood generally resistant to highly resistant; sapwood ranges from resistant to permeable • Resistant heartwood Resistant sapwood Heartwood is highly resistant Heartwood is resistant Sapwood is resistant Sapwood is permeable Heartwood is permeable Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kufunga skrubu | Fairly Easy to Very Easy Easy to screw Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • Generally satisfactory to excellent; easy to screw with good holding properties • Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Satisfactory results Easy to screw Screwing yields good results Good screwing properties Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Athari ya kupunguza makali | Bado haijawekwa | • Usually slight to moderate; some reports describe moderate to high or severe blunting. • Moderate High to severe Blunting effect on machining is slight Slight Blunting effect on sawing dry wood is mild Blunting effect on machining is moderate Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kutoboa | Bado haijawekwa | • Ranges from easy with good results to fairly difficult or very difficult • Fairly difficult to very difficult Easy Good results Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Uchongaji | Bado haijawekwa | • Generally good results, though some reports rate it fairly difficult to very difficult • Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Generally good results Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Upinzani wa kukata | Bado haijawekwa | • Green and dry wood are often easy to saw, but some reports rate sawing fairly difficult to very difficult • Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult to saw Cutting Resistance with green wood is easy Cutting Resistance with dry wood is easy Easy to saw Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kutengeneza mortise | Bado haijawekwa | • Often easy, but some sources rate it fairly difficult to very difficult • Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Easy to mortise Material tends to chip and tear Finishes poorly Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kutengeneza moulding | Bado haijawekwa | • Generally easy to mould with good finishing results; some sources report difficulty • Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Easy to mould Good finishing results Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Routing na recessing | Bado haijawekwa | • Routing is generally easy and gives good results, though some reports indicate difficulty • Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Routing is easy Routing yields good results Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kusaga kwa sandpaper | Bado haijawekwa | • Easy to sand; satisfactory to good sanding finish • Easy to sand Satisfactory sanding results Good sanding finish Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kugeuza kwa lathe | Bado haijawekwa | • Fairly easy to very easy with fair to excellent results; generally satisfactory finish • Fairly Easy to Very Easy Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Fairly Difficult to Very Difficult Easy to turn Good results Finish is generally satisfactory Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Ubora wa veneer | Bado haijawekwa | • Easy to cut; suitable for slicing and peeling; slight to moderate drying degrade and possible buckles or splits; no steaming generally needed; good gluing qualities • Easy to cut There is slight to moderate drying degrade and the potential for buckles and splits Suitable for slicing Suitable for peeling No steaming needed during bolt preparation. Good gluing qualities Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kupinda kwa mvuke | Bado haijawekwa | • Fair to good results; moderate response to preservative treatment • Fair to Good Results Moderate Fairly good response to preservative treatment Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kiln Schedules | UK=K US=T13C4S/T11D3S - UK=H US=T10D4S/T8D3S Fr=7 Drying (speed) is fast Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | Drying (speed) is fast UK=F US=T6D4/T3D3 Fr=6 UK=E US=T6D2/T3D1 Fr=5 Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is fairly rapid Dry at a moderate speed T6 - D4 (4/4) US T3 - D3 (8/4) US Schedule F (4/4) United Kingdom Kiln Drying Rate (in days) is rapid |
| Urahisi wa kukausha | Fairly Easy Rapidly Easy Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • Usually easy to fairly easy, though some sources rate it moderately difficult. Generally dries with little degrade. • Moderately Difficult to Difficult Fairly Easy Slowly Easy Dries easily with very little degrade Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kasi ya kukausha kiln | Naturally dries quickly Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • Naturally dries slowly. Some schedules are fairly rapid: approximately 11–17 days for boards under 32 mm and 31–51 days for boards over 63 mm; rapid schedules may be under 10 days for thin boards. • Naturally dries slowly Fairly rapid (11-17 days for boards under 32 mm, to 31-51 days for boards greater than 63 mm) Rapid (<10 days for boards < 32 mm, to <30 days for boards >= 63 mm) Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kasoro za kukausha | Distortion Loose Knots Splitting Checking Slight twist/warp Slight surface checking Slight end splitting No twisting or warping No surface checking Moderate twist/warp Expect slight degrade due to knots, splits, and loosening Expect moderate degrade due to knots, splits, and loosening Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • Moderate end splitting may occur. Generally free from spring and bow. Distortion, twist or warp may occur. • Collapse Internal Honeycombing Possible Distortion Checking Splitting Slight surface checking Slight twist/warp Moderate twist/warp No surface checking No end splitting Moderate surface checking Slight spring/bow Slight end splitting Slight cupping No twisting or warping No resin/gum exudation No cupping, generally No collapse/honeycomb Moderate end spitting Generally free from spring and bow Distortion (twist/warp) is likely Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Uimara wa asili | Non-durable Perishable Non durable Resistant to attack from pinworms (ambrosia beetles) Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • Generally durable to very durable, but source reports vary. Heartwood may resist marine borers, termites and powder-post beetles, while other sources report susceptibility to marine borers, termites, pinworms or pinhole borers. Conflicting evidence must remain visible. • Resistant to marine borers Very durable Susceptible to insect attack Resistant to termites Durable Resistant to powder post beetles Perishable Non-resistant to marine borers Non-resistant to termites Non-durable Susceptible to marine borer attack Durable Susceptible to attack from termites (Isoptera) Susceptible to attack from powder post (Lyctid & Bostrychid) beetles Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) often present in the standing tree Pinworms (ambrosia beetles) are commonly present Very durable Moderately durable Susceptible to pinhole borers Suitable for marine applications Non durable Heartwood susceptible to marine borer attack Heartwood resistant to attack by white rot and brown rot fungi Heartwood moderately resistant to dry-wood termites Heartwood has high resistance to decay Good weathering properties Mahogany has very good weathering qualities which makes a very good choice for boat building. Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kasoro za ukuaji wa asili | Bado haijawekwa | • Yellowish or whitish deposits may occur in vessels. Brittleheart is rare or absent; when present, it is sparse. • Yellowish deposits in vessels Whitish deposits in vessels Whitish deposits in vessels Brittleheart is rare or absent. When present, it is sparse in amount Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Painting | Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Good results Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | Bado haijawekwa |
| Kupaka rangi | Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Finish is generally good Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • Generally satisfactory to good; stains well • Finish is generally satisfactory Finish is generally good Stains well Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kupaka varnish | Very Good to Excellent Results Fair to Good Results Fairly Easy to Very Easy Good results Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • Satisfactory to good results • Satisfactory Good results Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Kung’arisha | Bado haijawekwa | • Fair to excellent results; generally good • Fair to Good Results Very Good to Excellent Results Good results Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Matumizi ya kawaida | Boat building: masts, Boxes and crates, Carvings, Chemical derivatives, Flooring, Food containers, Fuelwood, Joinery, Ladders, Light construction, Mine timbers, Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Plywood, Poles, Posts, Pulp/Paper products Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo | • Bedroom suites; boat building; decking; planking; boxes and crates; building materials; cabinetmaking; canoes; carvings; chairs; chests; coffins; cooperage; decorative veneer; desks; dining-room furniture; doors; dowels; drawer sides; drum sticks; figured veneer; fine furniture; flooring; furniture components; handles; hatracks; heavy construction; interior construction; interior trim; joinery; kitchen cabinets; lifeboats; light construction; living-room suites; mathematical instruments; millwork; model airplanes; moldings; musical instruments; office furniture; organ pipes; paneling; particleboard; piano keys; plywood; radio and television cabinets; scientific instruments; sculpture; shipbuilding; tables; turnery; veneer • Bedroom suites, Boat building (general), Boat building, Boat building: decking, Boat building: planking, Boxes and crates, Building materials, Cabinetmaking, Canoes, Carvings, Chairs, Chests, Coffins, Concealed parts (Furniture), Cooperages, Decorative veneer, Desks, Dining-room furniture, Dowell pins, Dowells, Drawer sides, Drawing boards, Drum sticks, Figured veneer, Fine furniture, Floor lamps, Flooring, Fuelwood, Furniture , Furniture components, Furniture squares or stock, Furniture, Handles: general, Hatracks, Heavy construction, Interior construction, Interior trim, Joinery (external): ground contact, Joinery, Kitchen cabinets, Lifeboats, Light construction, Living-room suites, Mathematical instruments, Millwork, Model airplanes, Moldings, Musical instruments , Musical instruments, Musical instruments: piano, Office furniture, Organ pipes, Paneling , Paneling, Particleboard, Piano keys, Pianos , Plywood corestock, Plywood, Radio - stereo - TV cabinets, Rustic furniture, Scientific instruments, Sculpture, Shipbuilding, Tables, Turnery, Veneer, Veneer: decorative Data ya Kihistoria ya Chanzo |
| Product Sources | Bado haijawekwa | The ITTO reports that the species is an important source of timber for export. It is exported in the form of square-edged timber, veneers, and plywood. Honduras mahogany is readily available at moderate prices at present, but its continued availability is of some concern because of high demand. Current supplies of the standing trees are also becoming more inaccessible and scarce due to exploitation. |
| Sehemu za sifa zilizounganishwa | 39 | 69 |
| Marejeo ya kiwango cha spishi | 0 | 36 |
Mbinu ya ulinganisho: ukurasa huu unalinganisha rekodi zilizounganishwa sasa, si muhtasari wa namba moja uliosanifishwa. Uchunguzi mwingi wa kihistoria wenye marejeo unaweza kuonekana katika sehemu moja kwa sababu sifa za mbao zinaweza kutofautiana kwa chanzo, jiografia, hali ya unyevu, sampuli na mbinu ya majaribio. Rekodi zinazojulikana kuwa na mchanganyiko au mgongano zinapaswa kukaguliwa kabla ya kutumiwa kama mwongozo wa mwisho.